Essentials of Linguistics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gv4evDGLgjQ http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter10/percpetial.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070821141206/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/qtvr/qtvr_larynx.html Whole phonetics courses with considerable online materials an introductory phonetics course for classroom demos It only takes a minute to sign up. | from Wiley-Blackwell; embedded audio University (Toronto) (9) Audio examples of non-English words and texts compiled by Karen Steffen Chung (see L'Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Animations of processes within the ear, by Ravindra Kochhar, University of Wisconsin, Vowel perception is affected by surrounding vowels (demo based on Ladefoged & Broadbent 1957), by Peter Ladefoged and Malcolm Slaney, Categorical perception experiments and demos, Audiovisual Speech Web-Lab, by Michael S. Gordon and Lawrence D. Rosenblum, University of California, Riverside, McGurk effect video, from the Multimedia Textbook in Behavioral Neuroscience, Rice University, Self-test for English consonant properties, by Kevin Russell, University of Manitoba The alt.usage.english Audio Archive My home page Airstream Mechanisms. Australian English: Pronunciation and Transcription, Includes audio of synthesized sentences utterance, from the web site for Peter Ladefoged's, X-ray video of nonce-words and sentences in English (spoken by Ken Stevens), Includes full and partial IPA charts, extended IPA symbols Transcribing Prosodic Structure of Spoken Utterances with ToBI, from MIT OpenCourseWare Longer words oral cavity. created by Daniel Currie Hall. Back to top http://www.vowelsandconsonants3e.com Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXM3gNxGO2M (10) Varieties of English http://www.everytongue.com/list1-on-line-recordings.htm The vocal tract is a container of air that starts from the top of the vocal folds and goes all the way to the edge of the lips. as well as quantitative data and other materials, Ultrasound and MRI images of speech, plus information Same "larynx" video, on YouTube (9) Any container of air that amplifies part of the vibrations counts. Vocal-tract anatomy and diagrams Examples of typical US and British vowels, by George Dillon, U of Washington (also listed in (1)) http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ BBC World Service LINGUIST List posts, web searches, and word-of-mouth — and links to sites with IPA fonts, Click on IPA chart and produce typed IPA symbols to copy/paste; and > Length(1000, 1) Estimated tract length is 8.75 cm, where formant number 1 has value of 1000 Hz. Introduction to spectrograms and a new spectrogram to So we might also think of a syllable as a vowel surrounded by some consonants. Home; Site Credits (see also main listing in (0)) Some homely examples are the Close-up of arytenoid area MRI videos of the articulators during speech https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4QShGCr588 University (Toronto), Sounds familiar? (see also main listing in (0)) Part of the airway-sealing system in the larynx is a pair of muscular flaps, the vocal cords or vocal folds, which can be brought together to form a seal, or moved apart to permit free motion of air in and out of the lungs. https://users.castle.unc.edu/~jlsmith/ipa-fonts.html Three-dimensional, rotatable model of the larynx, The frequencies of the first three formants of the vowels in the words heed, hid, head, had, hod, hawed, hood, and who’d are shown in Figure 3. Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University Do you notice a lifted feeling in your cheeks, and a slight release in your jaw? singing, vowels at high pitches, synthesized singing), from Universiteit From the University of Victoria http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/acip/ http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter9/cardinal/cardinal.html Jen Smith's home page Audio files of the same English text PLOTNIK, by Bill Labov, University of Pennsylvania Varieties of English http://indiana.edu/~phonlab/ Accents and Dialects of the UK, from the British Library, English Intonation in the British Isles (IViE corpus) site, I update this page about once a year to fix or remove broken links. by K. Marasek, Experimental Phonetics Group, University of This length corresponds to vocal tract lengths measured in infants. 5.1 Spectrograms Vowel synthesizer: enter formants and hear resulting vowels Web pages with utilities for typing and displaying IPA symbols (see also main listing in, Line spectra; click on individual components or hear Chapter 2: Producing Speech Sounds ... where the vocal folds might or might not vibrate. Our vocal tract, although a relatively small part of the human anatomy, is an amazing part of our body. US and British English: Vocal Tract Visualization Laboratory, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/sound/ http://smu-facweb.smu.ca/~s0949176/sammy/ University of Michigan Medical School The vocal tract If the human head were to be cut in half down the mid-line, the organs of speech would appear like this. Anatomy diagram definition of the vocal tract. Oxford University Phonetics Laboratory Tips for word-processing with IPA fonts Original recordings of Daniel Jones, from Universiteit Utrecht Oxford University Phonetics Laboratory Acoustics and vibration animations, by Dan Russell, Penn State University https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/MOAP/ from John Coleman, Oxford University This acoustic notion of sonority plays a role in every language of the world because spoken words are organized around the property of sonority. Vowel examples from Vowels and Consonants (see also main listing in Sign up to join this community. Sound files and exercises to accompany A list of shareware tools for speech analysis, compiled by the The most sonorous sounds are vowels. Back to top It includes the lips, tongue, throat, and even nose. Site of the Month for May 2011. Speech tutorials by H. Timothy Bunnell, University of Delaware from the Speech Production and Articulation Knowledge Group, University of Southern California, German; no audio, but good-quality video, from Nature Medicine, X-ray videos of tongue, jaw, larynx position during [ieaou] 8.1 Interactive IPA charts with illustrative sound files from the web site for Ladefoged & Johnson's, Video demonstrating the use of electropalatography in speech therapy, (3) (8) Audio examples of individual speech sounds http://www.cochlea.org/en/spe/ear-overview.html The vocal tract is the area from the nose and the nasal cavity down to the vocal cords deep in the throat. Animations and demos about waves, from "Zona Land," by Edward A. Zobel The diagram to the right shows the state of the vocal tract during a typical [p] or [b]. It is therefore, Training the jaw to relax and lower an appropriate amount has a lot to do with centering the body. http://psyc-experiments.com/mmtbn/language/sPerception/McGurk1.html The larynx is attached to one bone, the hyoid bone, which is the only floating bone in the body. http://davidbrett.it/index.php?id=vs http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music/ The International Phonetic Association web site Real-time MRI videos of individual consonants and vowels, http://westonruter.github.io/ipa-chart/keyboard/ experiments, statistics, and other useful topics Kansas, Varieties of English, from the University of Arizona (via the Wayback Machine), Native and non-native accents in English, by linguistics So air originates in the lungs, pushed out by the diaphragm, and passes through the glottis, and this creates sound. That airflow is then shaped by the articulators. Chinese; good-quality video, from Dio Brando Let’s start at the front of your mouth, with your lips. The palate thus forms the lower surface of the nasal cavity. Audio examples of non-English words and texts from the Medical Gross Anatomy Learning Resources web site, Stroboscopy: Normal Female Vocal Cords, http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/acip/ This morning as you were singing in the shower (it's okay, no one heard), did you stop to think about how that sound was produced? http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter11/chapter11.html (i.e., each formant, or high-frequency fricative noise) IPA Palette, a downloadable IPA input device for Mac OS X, by Brian S. Hall (1) http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/practice/typewriter/pract2a.html Video demos of vocal-fold vibration: see (2) In acoustics, a formant is usually defined as a broad peak, or local maximum, in the spectrum. http://faculty.tcc.edu/MMitchell/142-Models/142-Models-Resp/LA1-larynx-post-CU.htm 104 terms. from University College London, Tutorial on VOT in plosives, This is an online quiz called The Vocal Tract. Includes audio files of VOT contrasts This is because the glottis, found in the larynx cavity, is what is generally known as the vocal chords. Internet Institute for Speech and Hearing, Antique acoustics instruments, Real-time MRI videos of individual consonants and vowels, (13) Other useful resources for phonetics/phonology Part C: Synthesis by rule of segments and sentence prosody dialects; apparently no audio files, Includes videos illustrating varieties of North Carolina English About the cochlea Antique acoustics instruments, using the SmartPalate (EPG) System, Animation: coarticulation effects (from X-ray data), by Sidney SIL Mexico (Spanish version also available) Part D: Fully automatic text-to-speech conversion [new] http://audiufon.hum.uu.nl/data/e_onbekende_taal.html This course will help you to … Specify properties of oral/nasal stops and fricatives; http://www.cochlea.org/en Choose from 500 different sets of 1 spanish linguistics flashcards on Quizlet. http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter13/chapter13.html for incorporating phonetic symbols into web pages as graphics files https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcNMCB-Gsn8 By Bruce Hayes, UCLA Examples of waveforms you can see and click to hear, by H. Timothy Bunnell, U. of Delaware (7) Velaric Airflow. https://web.archive.org/web/20130218081131/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi/ Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 7th edition (Ladefoged & Johnson) The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive http://linguistics.chass.ncsu.edu/thinkanddo/dialecteducation.php 8.3 Speech sounds illustrated in context (words) From Jonathan Dowse The vocal tractis the cavity found in humans that is responsible for producing sounds, without which we couldn't speak! http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/StandingWaves/StandingWaves.html Includes audio files and intonation transcriptions of Experimental Phonetics Group, University of Stuttgart This angle gives us a good view of the parts of the vocal tract that are involved in filtering airflow to produce speech sounds. from University College London Map with text discussion of characteristics of the (also listed in, Graphic from the Visible Human Project, with labels by Kevin Russell 10.4 UK English Speech Internet Dictionary, by John Maidment, University College London (see also main listing in (0)) for individual speech sounds, Example words illustrating sounds from a wide variety of languages, Includes MP3 audio files of scripted and London, Real-time MRI videos of individual consonants and vowels, Terminology relating to the vocal organs, articulators, and points of articulation is defined below. Spanish: The phonologist Jennifer Smith maintains a large list of phonetics links, including sound files of exotic phonemes, videos of the vocal tract, etc. In birds it consists of the trachea , the syrinx , the oral cavity, the upper part of the esophagus , and the beak . Swedish: from Pronouncement Software The vocal tract is the cavity in human beings and in animals where the sound produced at the sound source (larynx in mammals; syrinx in birds) is filtered. When any elastic seal is not quite strong enough to resist the pressurized air it restricts, the result is an erratic release of the pressure through the seal, creating a sound. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive Next: Label the parts exercise. It deals with the configurations of the vocal tract used to produce speech sounds (articulatory phonetics), the acoustic properties of speech sounds (acoustic phonetics), and the manner of combining sounds so as to make syllables, words, and sentences (linguistic phonetics). Language universals archive, by Elena Filimonova and L'Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier It deals with the configurations of the vocal tract used to produce speech sounds (articulatory phonetics), the acoustic properties of speech sounds (acoustic phonetics), and the manner of combining sounds so as to make syllables, words, and sentences (linguistic phonetics). Back to top > Length(1000, 1) Estimated tract length is 8.75 cm, where formant number 1 has value of 1000 Hz. (in some cases) information about the native-language Includes X-ray diagrams, anatomical models, animations, and more Bilabials. Includes diagrams of larynx; waveforms 1. That’s a good beginning definition, but it’s a little more complex than that, as we’ll see in this unit and the next. Alberta, The International Phonetic Association web site, For interactive IPA charts with audio examples, see under, Transcription practice for words (Canadian English), by Kevin Russell, University of Manitoba Examples of typical US and British vowels, by George Dillon, U of Washington (via the Wayback Machine) Indiana University Phonetics Lab Standing-wave animations, showing harmonics and their addition ... and for linguistic description. Skarbø. (12) Prosody, tone, and intonation It is also an important segment in the digestive apparatus as it plays an essential role in deglutition (the swallowing of food). for transcribing disordered speech, links to downloadable audio files, British English: "English phonetics and phonology for non-native speakers," Wood, Animations and demos about waves, from "Zona Land," by Edward A. Zobel, Wave Adder -- demonstrates component addition; specify amplitudes and frequencies to add, Standing-wave animations, showing harmonics and their addition, Tutorials from The Physics Classroom, by Tom Henderson (include animations), Examples of waveforms you can see and click to hear, by H. Timothy Bunnell, U. of Delaware http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/soucon.html#soucon Includes audio and TextGrid files for languages studied in the project, in Phonetics (see also main listing in (0)) http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/vowels/chapter14/chapter14.html from the Voice and Swallowing Center of Maine, Stroboscopy: Normal Female Vocal Cords, http://www.asel.udel.edu/speech/tutorials/synthesis/ceevees.html 9.1 Multiple languages Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie 9.2 Individual languages (a sample of convenience) Application, by Robert M. Hammond (MP3 format; scroll down) Web resources for African languages, by Jouni Maho and Guy de Pauw http://clauchau.free.fr/L/phonalph.html It is hard to do because the vocal tract must be held difierently for each note. Stuttgart Information on displaying Unicode IPA fonts | from UCLA (13) Vocal Folds Revealed, Audio files for introductory phonetics courses, University of (Click on the above figure to see a short movie of the vocal cords during sustained production of an [ɑ]-like vowel. Many thanks to the people and organizations who designed the sites that http://www.haskins.yale.edu/featured/patplay.html [new] Self-test for English consonant properties, by Kevin Russell, University of Manitoba https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/faculties-and-departments/faculty-of-human-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/australian-english-pronunciation-and-transcription configuration This page was chosen as Speechwoman's Speech-Language Pathology Franz Plank, Universitaet Konstanz phonology. Explicitly relates actual particle movement to displacement and pressure curves resources might be available online. A Course in Phonetics. Back to top We’ll learn more about glides when we take a closer look at vowels. National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English, http://zonalandeducation.com/mstm/physics/waves/waveAdder/WaveAdder1.html The vocal tract articulators the tongue soft palate and lips. (see also main listing in, Source-filter model of vocal tract, with duck call-source, from Waves Tutorial on voicing, their sum, The Music Acoustics site, University of New South Wales, Acoustics and vibration animations, by Dan Russell, Penn State University, See especially: Animation of standing sound waves in tube, Sound and hearing page from the HyperPhysics site, Department of SIL International's free downloadable IPA fonts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtGHv1a4b48 http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/model.html Phonetics. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~robh/ http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~rosenblu/lab-index.html http://www.pronouncement.com/pronunci.htm http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm The average length of a vocal tract for males is about 17 cm and 14 cm for females. http://accent.gmu.edu/ (i.e., each formant, or high-frequency fricative noise), Audio files to accompany the historical review in Klatt (1987), Includes drawings and electron micrographs of the ear and cochlea, Includes audio and images of spectrograms Can hear audio and check transcription Tutorial on VOT in plosives, Oxford University Phonetics Laboratory (see also main listing in (0)) Metathesis in Language database, Ohio State University on web pages, by John Wells, University of London Esophageal Airflow. http://scripts.sil.org/IPAhome from the Speech Production and Articulation Knowledge Group, University of Southern California, Seeing Speech, from a joint project among several UK universities, Vocal Tract Visualization Laboratory, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MRI videos of the articulators during speech, from the University of Oxford, MRI videos of the articulators during speech, Mandarin(?) from the Speech Production and Articulation Knowledge Group, University of Southern California http://jbdowse.com/ipa Sound reproduction http://audiufon.hum.uu.nl/data/e_cardinal_vowels.html 6.1 Sound and hearing A Course in Phonetics, Peter Ladefoged and Keith Johnson with IPA transcriptions of their English pronunciation and http://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos.html Formant-based real-time speech synthesizer, by Jonas Beskow, Centre for Speech Technology, KTH Stockholm Audio files to accompany the historical review in Klatt (1987) Alberta from the Voice and Swallowing Center of Maine International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA), by Paul Meier, University of Back to top Spectrograms, acoustic phonetics, and speech synthesis http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbols.htm (0) Whole phonetics courses with considerable online materials By John Wells, University College London Tutorial: basic facts about plosives, from University College http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/files/apps/IViE/ http://typo.uni-konstanz.de/archive/intro/ (See also language examples in (9) and (10)) Customizable vocal tract, by Daniel Hall, U Toronto (also listed in ) Specify properties of oral/nasal stops and fricatives; see the corresponding IPA symbol and vocal-tract configuration try "reading" each month (plus past examples, with solutions given), Good for class demo; you can synthesize online, Different parts of the signal can be played separately Schematic cross-sectional diagram of the vocal folds during phonation, include audio, images, or interactive material. X-ray videos of tongue, jaw, larynx position during [ieaou] Use the controls belowto set the position of the lips, tongue, velum, and vocal folds. Every single spoken word is made up of one or more syllables. 11.1812, http://blogjam.name/sid/ Each of these will now be discussed separately, although all three areas combine together in the production of … Human Vocal Tract: Areas of constriction and relaxation within this tract create various vocal gestures Trading Relations - This is the concept that not every phonetic gesture can be directly translated and defined into acoustic terms. http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/ requires Unicode font Kekchi: From Universiteit Utrecht http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~malcolm/interval/1997-056/VowelQuality.html http://www.asel.udel.edu/speech/tutorials/acoustics/freq_domain.html Phonetics - Phonetics - Vowel formants: The resonant frequencies of the vocal tract are known as the formants. English Intonation in the British Isles (IViE corpus) site, Animation: coarticulation effects (from X-ray data), by Sidney their sum seven British English dialects, Includes full and partial IPA charts, extended IPA symbols X-ray video of nonce-words and sentences in English (spoken by Ken Stevens), dialects; Waveforms (simple and complex) http://www.dental.umaryland.edu/speech/research/ US and British English: This angle gives us a good view of the parts of the vocal tract that are involved in filtering airflow to produce speech sounds. from the Speech Production and Articulation Knowledge Group, University of Southern California About this Quiz. Peter Ladefoged's, About the Pattern Playback, an early speech synthesizer at Haskins Laboratories, Klatt's "History of Speech Synthesis" audio files, from, Part A: Development of speech synthesizers, Part C: Synthesis by rule of segments and sentence prosody, Part D: Fully automatic text-to-speech conversion, History of speech synthesis, 1770-1970, by Hartmut Traunmüller, University of Stockholm, PLOTNIK, by Bill Labov, University of Pennsylvania, "Journey into the world of hearing," by Rémy Pujol et al., phonological system https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Tlpkdq8a8c https://minimal-pairs.000webhostapp.com/ McGurk effect: demonstration Information on how the larynx is examined and photographed, The IPA in Braille, from a page by Claude Chaunier from the Speech Production and Articulation Knowledge Group, University of Southern California 5.4 Vowel plotting software Have you ever wondered how your body physically produces speech? In the posts below dealing with the different sounds in English, they are so named, and each sound is described based on how the vocal organs interact with each other in … Tutorials on prosody: chunking, focus, and pitch, as well as quantitative data and other materials Vocal-tract diagrams. This image is called a sagittal section. http://alt-usage-english.org/audio_archive.shtml Vocal Tract. Consonants (see also main listing in (0)) Much detailed information about music acoustics, (also listed in, British English: "English phonetics and phonology for non-native speakers," Finnish: Audio files illustrating Finnish proper names, Information about imaging with ultrasound, MRI, and electropalatography, with images and videos http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/~dm/04/spring/201/pow/powin.htm This quiz has tags. for individual speech sounds Animations of processes within the ear, by Ravindra Kochhar, University of Wisconsin Analysed in Praat. The average length of a vocal tract for males is about 17 cm and 14 cm for females. University of Michigan Medical School (via the Wayback Machine), Photos of a physical three-dimensional model of the larynx, http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/languages/ using the SmartPalate (EPG) System Language index from A Course in Phonetics (see Comparison with Figure 2 shows that there are no simple relationships between actual tongue positions and formant frequencies. (see also main listing in, Texts transcribed in IPA for reading practice, by Kevin Russell, University of Manitoba Consonants, on the other hand, have an obstruction in the vocal tract so they’re less sonorous. Back to top including audio files of various instruments, Explicitly relates actual particle movement to displacement and pressure curves, Introduction to spectrograms and a new spectrogram to The sound [w] involves two constrictions of the vocal tract made simultaneously. UNC Home One of them is lip rounding, which you can think of as a bilabial approximant. Articulatory phonetics can be seen as divided up into three areas to describe consonants. 1 spanish linguistics Flashcards . from University College London Structures that work together to create the sound. for incorporating phonetic symbols into web pages as graphics files, Includes links to resources for acoustic analysis, http://sail.usc.edu/span/spanipa.html Cardinal vowels http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/ http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/practice/typewriter/pract1a.html http://www.dialectsarchive.com/ utterance, from the web site for Peter Ladefoged's Vowels and 10.3 Canadian English We recommend that you explore the jaw muscles through self massage, to get a sense of where they are and how tight they are, and then through the centering exercises found on our. Utrecht (see also main listing in (0)) https://acousticstoday.org/klatts-speech-synthesis-d/ Pennsylvania, 1997, US and British English: http://www.speech.kth.se/wavesurfer/formant/ These can bring out the ‘ring’ or ‘twang’ in someone’s sound (See, What Every Singer Needs to Know About the Body. https://metathesisinlanguage.osu.edu Linguistics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professional linguists and others with an interest in linguistic research and theory. Includes links to resources for acoustic analysis, Different parts of the signal can be played separately Sounds familiar? Articulatory phonetics refers to the “aspects of phonetics which looks at how the sounds of speech are made with the organs of the vocal tract” Ogden (2009:173). from the National Center for Voice and Speech, Schematic cross-sectional diagram of the vocal folds during phonation, http://www.ualberta.ca/~johnnewm/NZEnglish/home.html Accents and Dialects of the UK, from the British Library for resources beyond phonetics.) see the corresponding IPA symbol and vocal-tract (See also my Linguistics resources page Vocal tract anatomy. (5) Spectrograms, acoustic phonetics, and speech synthesis McGurk effect: experiment Animated vocal-tract anatomy diagrams, audios and videos for English, German and Spanish sounds and words, from the Phonetics Flash Animation Project, University of Iowa ... Linguistic data consortium makes available language corpora and tools for a license fee. See more ideas about music education, voice lesson, anatomy. Ultrasound and MRI images of speech, plus information IPA Chart Unicode "Keyboard", by Weston Ruter "Journey into the world of hearing," by Rémy Pujol et al., http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/anatomy/anatomy.html on web pages, by John Wells, University of London, Web pages with utilities for typing and displaying IPA symbols, IPA Chart Unicode "Keyboard", by Weston Ruter, IPA Keypad, http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/siphtra/plostut2/plostut2.htm 11.1964). Almost every instrument has a resonator. singing, vowels at high pitches, synthesized singing), from Universiteit audio files, by H. Timothy Bunnell, University of Delaware Speech perception and audiology https://acousticstoday.org/klatts-speech-synthesis-a/ Specify properties of oral/nasal stops and fricatives; the Exploratorium in San Francisco, About the Klatt speech synthesizer, by H. Timothy Bunnell, University Anatomical images from the List of IPA fonts (mostly free) compiled by IPA 4 Linguists by Kai Nikulainen http://www.cascadilla.com/ssaa/index.html English; medium-quality video, classes at George Mason University seven British English dialects Animated vocal-tract anatomy diagrams, audios and videos for English, German and Spanish sounds and words, from the Phonetics Flash Animation Project, University of Iowa http://soundsofspeech.uiowa.edu/anatomy.html; Interactive cross-section of vocal organs and IPA symbols, by Daniel Hall, University of Toronto Vowel perception is affected by surrounding vowels (demo based on Ladefoged & Broadbent 1957), by Peter Ladefoged and Malcolm Slaney